Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
National Exams, 04-Agric-A5, Principles of Instrumentation. 3 hours, open book. Questions 1 and 2 are mandatory (20 marks each); the Marking Scheme table requires 3 of Questions 4–7 (Note 3's own wording is looser, “any other THREE questions,” which would also admit Question 3 — the source is self-inconsistent on this point). All FIVE optional questions (3–7) are answered below so this set is a complete study resource regardless of which reading is correct.
Reference texts: Doebelin, Measurement Systems: Application and Design, 5th ed.; Bentley, Principles of Measurement Systems, 4th ed.; Horowitz & Hill, The Art of Electronics, 3rd ed.; Fraden, Handbook of Modern Sensors, 5th ed.; Skoog, Holler & Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 7th ed.
