Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
National Examination, 04-BS-16 Discrete Mathematics, undated sitting (May 2019). Closed book; approved Casio or Sharp calculator only. The exam instructs "answer 10 of the 12 questions"; every question is answered below as a complete study resource.
Reference texts: Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 7th ed. (Pearson) — used throughout for logic, set theory, functions, combinatorics, probability, induction, asymptotic (Big-O) notation, and graph theory.