Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
Paper format. National Exams, December 2016 — 98-Civ-A5 Hydraulic Engineering. Closed book, 3 hours, one aid sheet permitted. Six questions of equal value (20 marks each); candidates answer any five. All six are solved here as a study resource. Take water density ρ = 1000 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity ν = 1.31 × 10−6 m²/s; local losses and velocity head are negligible unless stated.
Reference texts. Mays, Water Resources Engineering (Wiley) — pipe/pump systems & distribution networks; Chow, Open-Channel Hydraulics (McGraw-Hill) — normal/critical depth, specific energy, unsteady flow; Transportation Association of Canada, Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads — gutter/roadway drainage. Permitted equation set (from the exam cover): Hazen–Williams $Q = 0.278\,C\,D^{2.63}\,S^{0.54}$ with $S = h_f/L$; Manning $Q = \tfrac{1}{n}A R^{2/3} S^{1/2}$; total dynamic head $\text{TDH} = H_s + H_f$.
