Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
National Exams — May 2014 — 04-Geom-A6 Cadastral Studies. Closed-book; no calculator permitted. Format: five questions of equal value (25% each); any four constitute a complete paper, and all answers are required in essay format. All five questions are solved in full below. Legal and land-registration content is framed in the Canadian context (common-law standard of care; provincial Torrens / registry systems).
Reference texts: Survey Law in Canada (Canadian Council of Land Surveyors / Carswell, 1989); Brown, Robillard & Wilson, Brown's Boundary Control and Legal Principles (7th ed., Wiley, 2017); G. Larsson, Land Registration and Cadastral Systems (Longman Scientific & Technical, 1991); ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and FIG Statement on the Cadastre; H. Demsetz, "Toward a Theory of Property Rights," Am. Econ. Rev. 57 (1967); G. Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 162 (1968).