Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
National Exams — December 2015 — 04-Geom-A7 Geospatial Information Systems. Closed-book; an approved Casio or Sharp calculator is permitted. Format: twelve short-answer questions of varying value totalling 100 marks; all questions constitute a complete exam and are solved in full below. Datum and coordinate conventions follow the Canadian spatial reference framework — NAD83(CSRS) horizontally and CGVD2013 vertically.
Reference texts: P. A. Longley, M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire & D. W. Rhind, Geographic Information Systems and Science (4th ed., Wiley, 2015); P. Bolstad, GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems (6th ed., XanEdu, 2019); P. A. Burrough, R. A. McDonnell & C. D. Lloyd, Principles of Geographical Information Systems (3rd ed., Oxford, 2015); M. Worboys & M. Duckham, GIS: A Computing Perspective (2nd ed., CRC, 2004); J. P. Snyder, Map Projections — A Working Manual (USGS PP 1395); ISO 19115 Geographic information — Metadata.
