Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
Paper format: National Examination 16-Mec-A1, 3 hours, open book. Eight questions of equal value: Part A — Thermodynamics (Q1–Q4) and Part B — Heat Transfer (Q5–Q8). A complete paper is any five questions (three from one part and two from the other).
Reference texts: Çengel & Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (9th ed., McGraw-Hill) — ideal-gas mixtures, the air-standard Otto cycle, wet-region steam properties, the throttling calorimeter, the steady-flow energy equation, the regenerative gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle and vapour-compression refrigeration; Çengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer (6th ed.) and Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman & Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (8th ed., Wiley) — radial conduction through composite cylinders, conduction with internal heat generation, internal-flow convection with a constant surrounding-fluid temperature, and the effectiveness–NTU method for shell-and-tube exchangers. Steam properties are IAPWS-consistent (equivalent to the steam tables); ammonia properties are read from the saturated- and superheated-ammonia tables appended to the examination; air and combustion gases are treated as ideal gases with constant specific heats ($\gamma=1.4$, $R=0.287\ \text{kJ/kg}\cdot\text{K}$, $c_p=1.005\ \text{kJ/kg}\cdot\text{K}$).
