Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
Paper format: National Examination 16-Mec-A1 Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer, 3 hours, open book. Eight questions of equal value: Part A — Thermodynamics (Q1–Q4) and Part B — Heat Transfer (Q5–Q8). A complete paper is any five questions (three from one part and two from the other).
Reference texts: Çengel & Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (9th ed., McGraw-Hill) — ideal-gas processes and entropy generation, polytropic compression, rigid-vessel charging, the reciprocating air compressor, throttling/flash separation, the steam turbine, and vapour-compression refrigeration/heat-pump cycles; Çengel & Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer (6th ed.) and Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman & Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (8th ed., Wiley) — steady radial conduction through a cylindrical wall with convection, conduction with uniform internal generation, transient (lumped) cooling by combined convection and radiation, and the effectiveness–NTU method for shell-and-tube exchangers. Steam and Freon-12 (R-12) properties are evaluated, which reproduces the IAPWS steam tables and the standard R-12 property tables to graphing accuracy; enthalpy differences (the only quantities used) are datum-independent. Air and combustion gases are treated as ideal with constant specific heats ($\gamma=1.4$, $R=0.287\ \text{kJ/kg}\cdot\text{K}$, $c_p=1.005$, $c_v=0.718\ \text{kJ/kg}\cdot\text{K}$).
