Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
National Exams — December 2015 — 04-BS-13, Biology. Three-hour, closed-book exam (one double-sided aid sheet permitted, approved Casio/Sharp calculator allowed). Format: Part I offers 6 questions (any 3 constitute a complete answer, 20 marks each) and Part II offers 4 questions (any 2 constitute a complete answer, 20 marks each) — a full paper is 5 questions. All 10 are solved below for completeness. Q1–Q4, Q7, and Q8 are calculation questions; Q5, Q9, and Q10 are essay questions; Q6 is a derivation.
Reference texts: Shuler & Kargi, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2nd ed., Prentice Hall) — elemental/electron balances, yield coefficients, fermenter mass balances, growth kinetics; Madigan et al., Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th ed., Pearson) — bacterial classification, fungal reproduction, plasmid biology; Toledo, Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering (3rd ed., Springer) — plant/animal tissue structure and mechanical properties.