Question 5 of 7: Motivation Theories, Job Safety Analysis, and Job Stress

Question 5: Motivation Theories, Job Safety Analysis, and Job Stress (20 marks: 7/6/7)

Question text not reproduced: the examination questions are © Engineers and Geoscientists BC. Open the official past paper (linked at the top of this page) to read the question, then follow the worked solution below.

(i) Motivation Theories

• (a) Maslow — Hierarchy of Needs: five ascending levels—physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization; a lower need must be largely satisfied before the next motivates. (Safety is the second level.)
• (b) Herzberg — Two-Factor: hygiene factors (pay, conditions, policy, safety) prevent dissatisfaction but don't motivate; motivators (achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth) create satisfaction/motivation.
• (c) Vroom — Expectancy: motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence—effort→performance, performance→reward, and the reward is valued; if any factor is zero, motivation is zero.

(ii) Purpose and Scope of JSA

• Purpose — systematically examine a job to identify the hazards of each step and determine controls, proactively (also improves procedures/training).
• Aspects analyzed — the job's sequential steps; for each, the hazards and the controls/safe procedures; considering worker, task, tools/equipment, materials and environment.

(iii) Job Stress — Causes and Management

• Causes: excessive workload/pace, long hours, time pressure, role ambiguity/conflict, lack of control, poor relationships/supervision, job insecurity, monotony, physical stressors, shift work.
• Manage: organizational — realistic workloads, clear roles, worker control/participation, good communication, support, fair treatment; individual — training, time management, breaks, exercise, relaxation, EAP/counselling.