Nivaar worked solution (AI-drafted; not reviewed by a licensed engineer)
National Exams — May 2015 — 10-Met-A1 Metallurgical Thermodynamics. Three-hour, closed-book exam using an approved (Casio or Sharp) calculator; candidates were told to state any interpretive assumptions. Any five of the seven questions constitute a complete paper — all seven are solved below for completeness. All questions are of equal value (20 marks each out of 100).
Reference texts: Gaskell, D. R., Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials (2nd–5th ed.) — the exam's own Ellingham diagram (Fig. 9-3) is reproduced from this text, which also supplies the standard-state enthalpy/entropy data used below; supporting 298 K entropies for the elements, CO, CO₂, H₂, H₂O(g) and Cu₂O/Cr₂O₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ from the NIST–JANAF Thermochemical Tables.
